The Intercessory Role of the Prophet and the Holy Family through the Concept of the hawd al-kawthar: A Critical study of Mahmoud Ayoub’s Thoughts

Mahmoud M. Ayoub has developed an Islamic model of redemption in his works particularly the Redemptive Suffering Islam. Assuming that is fulfillment through suffering, proposed alternative within context intercession (shafā’ah) Twelver Shī’īsm. In opinion, direct reward sufferings and martyrdom Holy Family (ahl al-bayt) so they can rescue their devotees from hell God’s punishment by this intercessory prerogative. The pool al-kawthar, Ayoub’s Shī’īsm, a symbol rewards favors final vindication suffering. This article criticizes thoughts about exclusive connection between suffering Shī’īsm argues privilege Prophet because high status before God which was stabilized even without sufferings, however those privations have strengthened ranking position. It means will never reject any requests including not just endurance martyrdom, but love respect towards them several reasons. Thus, prerogative Day Judgment expression feelings demonstration to entire creatures. Besides that, intercession’s second purpose, also agrees, favor order benefit who led good life amount evil deeds more than level deserve be punished. Finally, offers based on purpose intercession, merciful compassionate passible God, may some similarities what Christianity depicts sympathetic, suffers people, especially Jürgen Moltmann.